ls

Command Function

This command is used to display the content of a directory.

Syntax

ls [-ACHLSZacdfhiklmnopqrstux1] [--color[=auto]] [directory...]

NOTE
During the system boot process, ls=toybox ls --color=auto, ll = ls -alF, la=ls -A, and l=ls -CF commands have been enabled using alias so that the initial actions of these commands are the same as those on Linux. For details, see Output. To view help information, run toybox ls --help.

Parameters

Table 1 Command parameter description

Parameter	Description	Value Range
--help	Displays parameters supported by the ls command and their usage.	N/A
-a	Displays all files, including hidden files.	N/A
-b	Escapes non-graphical characters.	N/A
-c	Uses ctime as the file timestamp. This parameter must be used together with -l.	N/A
-d	Displays only the directory, rather than listing the content of the directory.	N/A
-i	Displays the node ID of a file.	N/A
-p	Adds a slash (/) after the directory.	N/A
-q	Displays non-printable characters, such as "?".	N/A
-s	Provides information about the memory occupied by the directory and its members, in 1024 bytes.	N/A
-u	Uses the last access time of the file as the timestamp. This option is used together with -l.	N/A
-A	Lists all files except implied . and ..	N/A
-H	Follows symbolic links listed in the command line.	N/A
-L	Follows symbolic links.	N/A
-Z	Displays security context.	N/A
path	Specifies the path of the target directory. If path is left blank, the content of the current directory is displayed. If path is an invalid directory, "ls error: No such directory." is displayed. If path is a valid directory, the content of the specified directory is displayed.	Left blank A valid directory

Table 2 Output format parameters

Parameter	Description
-1	Lists one file per line.
-c	Lists entries by column.
-g	Like -l, but do not list the owner.
-h	Displays the total size of files in the directory, in KiB.
-l	Displays detailed information about files in the directory.
-m	Fills width with a list of entries separated by a comma.
-n	Like -l, but lists numeric user and group IDs.
-o	Like -l, but do not list group information.
-x	Lists entries by line, instead of by column.
-ll	Lists the file time attribute as ns.

Table 3 Parameters for sorting (by the initial letter by default)

Parameter	Description
-f	Do not sort.
-r	Sorts in reverse order.
-t	Sorts by time, newest first.
-S	Sorts by file size, largest first.

Table 4 Color printing

Parameter	Default Configuration
--color	device=yellow symlink=turquoise/red dir=blue socket=purple files: exe=green suid=red suidfile=redback stickydir=greenback=auto means detect if output is a tty.

Usage Guidelines

The file node information of the FAT file system inherits from its parent node. The parent node ID is 0. Therefore, if you run the ls -i command on the Hi3516D V300 development board, the file node IDs displayed are all 0.

Note

The shell does not support ls parameters. mksh supports them. To switch to mksh, run cd bin and ./mksh.

Example

Run the following commands:

Output

Example 1: ls command output

OHOS:/$ ls
bin  etc  nfs   sdcard   system    usr
dev  lib  proc  storage  userdata  vendor

Example 2: ll command output

OHOS:/$ ll
total 20
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 bin/
drwxr-xr-x 0 0 0    0 1970-01-01 00:00 dev/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 etc/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 lib/
drwxrwxrwx 0 0 0 4096 2021-10-25 02:17 nfs/
dr-xr-xr-x 0 0 0    0 1970-01-01 00:00 proc/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 4096 1979-12-31 00:00 sdcard/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 storage/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 system/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 userdata/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 usr/
drwxrwxrwx 1 0 0 2048 2021-11-21 17:52 vendor/