harmony 鸿蒙ArkTS Syntax Usage

2023-06-24
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ArkTS Syntax Usage

How do I dynamically create components using code in ArkUI?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

ArkUI uses the ArkTS declarative development paradigm. Developers cannot hold component instances. During declaration, you can control component creation by rendering control syntax and dynamically building UI elements.

Example

// Create a component using the if statement.
if(this.isTrue) {
  Text ("Create Text Component").fontSize (30)
}
// Create a component using the ForEach statement.
ForEach(this.nums,(item) => {
  Text(item + '').fontSize(30)
},item => JSON.stringify(item))

Reference

Overview of Rendering Control

What is the difference between an @Builder decorated method and a regular method?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

The @Builder decorated method allows for use of a custom component, while regular methods do not. If a custom component is used in an @Builder decorated method, it is re-created each time the method is called.

Reference

@BuilderParam

How do I define @BuilderParam decorated attributes?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Without parameters

If no parameter is passed when assigning a value to the @BuilderParam decorated attribute (for example, content: this.specificParam), define the type of the attribute as a function without a return value (for example, @BuilderParam content: () => void).
With parameters

If any parameter is passed when assigning a value to the @BuilderParam decorated attribute (for example, callContent: this.specificParam1(“111”)), define the type of the attribute as any (for example, @BuilderParam callContent: any).

Reference

@BuilderParam

How do I listen for object changes in an array?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Solution

To listen for object changes in an array, use the @Observed and @ObjectLink decorators. @Observed applies to classes, and @ObjectLink applies to variables.

Example

Use @Observed on a class.

@Observed
class ClassA {
  public name: string
  public c: number
  public id: number


  constructor(c: number, name: string = 'OK') {
    this.name = name
    this.c = c
  }
}

Use @ObjectLink on a component variable.

@Component
struct ViewA {
  label: string = 'ViewA1'
  @ObjectLink a: ClassA


  build() {
    Row() {
      Button(`ViewA [${this.label}] this.a.c= ${this.a.c} +1`)
        .onClick(() => {
          this.a.c += 1
        })
    }.margin({ top: 10 })
  }
}

Reference

\@Observed and \@ObjectLink: Observing Attribute Changes in Nested Class Objects

How do I transfer values through the parent component to @Link decorated varaibles in a child component?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

To enable a child component to receive the value from the parent component through @Link, ‘\$’ must be used to first establish a reference relationship between variables in the child and parent components.

Example

The @Link semantics are derived from the ‘$’ operator. In other words, \$isPlaying is the two-way binding of the internal state this.isPlaying. When the button in the PlayButton child component is touched, the value of the @Link decorated variable is changed, and PlayButton together with the <Image> and <Text> components of the parent component is refreshed. Similarly, when the button in the parent component is touched, the value of this.isPlaying is changed, and PlayButton together with the <Text> and <Button> components of the parent component is refreshed.

Use the @State decorator in the parent component and use the ‘\$’ operator to create a reference for transferring data.

@Entry
@Component
struct Player {
  @State isPlaying: boolean = false
  build() {
    Column() {
      PlayButton({ buttonPlaying: $isPlaying })
      Text(`Player is ${this.isPlaying ? '' : 'not'} playing`).fontSize(18)
      Button('Parent:' + this.isPlaying)
        .margin(15)
        .onClick(() => {
          this.isPlaying = !this.isPlaying
        })
    }
  }
}

Use @Link in the child component to receive data.

@Component
struct PlayButton {
  @Link buttonPlaying: boolean


  build() {
    Column() {
      Button(this.buttonPlaying ? 'pause' : 'play')
        .margin(20)
        .onClick(() => {
          this.buttonPlaying = !this.buttonPlaying
        })
    }
  }
}

Reference

@Link

How does a component synchronize state with its grandchild components?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Method 1 (recommended): Use the @Provide and @Consume decorators. Specifically, use @Provide in the component and @Consume in the grandchild component to implement two-way data binding between the components.
Method 2: Use the @State and @Link decorators. Specifically, use @State in the parent component and @Link in each layer of child components (child and grandchild components).

Example 1

Include a child component in the component. Employ @Provide in the component to provide the reviewVote parameter to its grandchild component.

@Entry
@Component
struct Father{
  @Provide("reviewVote") reviewVotes: number = 0;


  build() {
    Column() {
      Son()
      Button(`Father: ${this.reviewVotes}`)
        ...
    }
  }
}

Include the grandchild component in the child component.

@Component
struct Son{
  build() {
    Column() {
      GrandSon()
    }
  }
}

Employ @Consume in the grandchild component to receive the reviewVote parameter.

@Component
struct GrandSon{
  @Consume("reviewVote") reviewVotes: number


  build() {
    Column() {
      Button(`GrandSon: ${this.reviewVotes}`)
        ...
    }.width('100%')
  }
}

Example 2

Employ @State in the component Father to decorate reviewVote.

@Entry
@Component
struct Father {
  @State reviewVotes: number = 0;


  build() {
    Column() {
      Son({reviewVotes:$reviewVotes})
      Button(`Father: ${this.reviewVotes}`)
        ...
    }
  }
}

Employ @Link in the child component Son to receive the reviewVote parameter passed from Father.

@Component
struct Son{
  @Link reviewVotes: number;
  build() {
    Column() {
      Grandson({reviewVotes:$reviewVotes})
    }
  }
}

Employ @Link in the grandchild component GrandSon to receive the reviewVote parameter passed from Son.

@Component
struct Grandson{
  @Link reviewVotes: number;


  build() {
    Column() {
      Button(`Grandson: ${this.reviewVotes}`)
        ...
    }.width('100%')
  }
}

How is a callback function defined in JS?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

The following is an example to illustrate how to define a callback function:

Define the callback function.

// Define a callback function that contains two parameters and returns void.
myCallback: (a:number,b:string) => void

Initialize the callback function by assigning values.

aboutToAppear() {
  // Initialize the callback function.
  this.myCallback= (a,b)=>{
    console.info(`handle myCallback a=${a},b=${b}`)
  }}

How do I maximize performance in cases when a component needs to be updated for multiple times?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Use the state management module for the purpose. Currently, the minimum update is supported. When the data dependency changes, instead of updating the entire custom component, only the view content that depends on the data is updated.

How does this of a function in an object point to the outer layer?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

You can use the arrow function for this purpose.

Example

const obj = {
  start:() => {
    return this.num
  }
}

How do I obtain data through an API before page loading?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Symptom

Data needs to be obtained before page rendering so as to be rendered when needed.

Solution

In the aboutToAppear function, use an asynchronous API to obtain page data and @State to decorate related variables. After the data is obtained, the page is automatically refreshed based on the variables.

Example

@Entry
@Component
struct Test6Page {
  // After the data is obtained, the page is automatically refreshed.
  @State message: string = 'loading.....'
  aboutToAppear(){
    // Simulate an asynchronous API to obtain data.
    setTimeout(()=>{
      this.message = 'new msg'
    },3000)
  }
  build() {
    Row() {
      Column() {
        Text(this.message)
          .fontSize(50)
          .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
      }
      .width('100%')
    }
    .height('100%')
  }
}

How do I display sensor data in the <Text> component on the UI in real time?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Solution

The type of data returned by the sensor is double. To display it in the <Text> component, first convert the data from double to string.

How do I listen for screen rotation events?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

To listen for screen rotation events, use the mediaquery API.

import mediaquery from '@ohos.mediaquery'
let listener = mediaquery.matchMediaSync('(orientation: landscape)'); // Listen for landscape events.
function onPortrait(mediaQueryResult) {
  if (mediaQueryResult.matches) {
   // do something here
  } else {
   // do something here
  }
}
listener.on('change', onPortrait) // Register a callback.
listener.off('change', onPortrait) // Deregister a callback.

Reference

@ohos.mediaquery (Media Query)

What should I do if a singleton does not take effect after the page is changed?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Symptom

A singleton works only in the same page. It becomes undefined when the page changes.

Solution

A JS file is generated for each page, and a defined singleton is generated in each JS file. Therefore, the singleton in applicable only to the owning page.

To share an instance across pages, it must be created at the UIAbility or application level.

How do I convert a string in time format to a date object?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

If the string is in the yyyy-MM-dd format, you can convert it to a date object by calling new Date(“yyyy-MM-dd”).

new Date("2021-05-23");
new Date("2020/2/29");
new Date("2020-14-03");
new Date("14-02-2021");

If the string is in other formats, you can convert it to a date object by calling new Date(year:number,month:number,day?:number,hour?:number,minute?:number,second?:number,ms?:number).

// Syntax for creating a date based on parameters:
new Date(yearValue, IndexOfMonth, dayValue, hours, minutes, seconds)

Pass the date parameters as arguments.

yearValue: the year in the ISO 8061 YYYY format, for example, 2021. If we specify a value in YY format, it will be incorrectly accepted. For example, the value 21 would be considered the year 1921 rather than 2021.
IndexOfMonth: index of the month, which starts from 0. It is obtained by subtracting 1 from the month value. For example, for March, the month value is 3, but the value of IndexOfMonth will be 2 (that is, 3 – 1 = 2). The value should typically be within the 0–11 range.
dayValue: day of the month. It should range from 1 to 31 depending on the number of days in the month. For example, for 21-05-2021, the day value is 21.
hours: hour of the day. For example, 10 for 10 o’clock.
minutes: number of minutes that have elapsed in the hour.
seconds: number of seconds past a minute.

How do I convert a string to a byte array in ArkTS?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Refer to the following code:

stringToArray(str:string) {
  var arr = [];
  for(var i = 0,j = str.length;i<j;++i) {
 arr.push(str.charCodeAt(i))
  }
  return arr;
}

How do I implement string encoding and decoding in ArkTS?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

You can use TextEncoder and TextDecoder provided by the util module.

Reference

TextEncoder, TextDecoder

How do I import and export namespaces?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Use import and export statements.

Exporting namespaces from the database:

namespace Util{
    export function getTime(){
        return Date.now()
    }
}
export default Util

Importing namespaces

import Util from './util'
Util.getTime()

Can relational database operations be performed in the Worker thread?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Currently, the relational database (RDB) object in the UI main thread cannot be sent to the Worker thread for operations. To use the RDB in the Worker thread, you must obtain a new RDB object.

How do I obtain files in the resource directory of an application?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Method 1: Use \$r or \$rawfile. This method applies to static access, during which the resource directory remains unchanged when the application is running.
Method 2: Use ResourceManager. This method applies to dynamic access, during which the resource directory dynamically changes when the application is running.

Reference

Resource Categories and Access and @ohos.resourceManager (Resource Manager)

How do I convert the XML format to the JSON format?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Symptom

The data returned by the server is encoded using Base64 in XML format and needs to be converted to the JSON format for subsequent processing.

Solution

Use the Base64-related APIs in the util module to decode data, and then use the convertxml module to parse data in XML format.

Example

import convertxml from '@ohos.convertxml';
import util from '@ohos.util';

@Entry
@Component
struct Faq_4_31 {
  @State message: string = 'base64 to JSON'

  build() {
    Row() {
      Column() {
        Text(this.message)
          .fontSize(50)
          .fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)
          .onClick(() => {
            / *Original data in GBK encoding
            <?xml version="1.0" encoding="GBK"?>
            <data>
            <asset_no>xxxxx</asset_no>
            <machine_sn>xxxx</machine_sn>
            <bios_id>xxxx</bios_id>
            <responsible_emp_name><![CDATA[xxxx]]></responsible_emp_name>
            <responsible_account><![CDATA[xxxx xxxx]]></responsible_account>
            <responsible_emp_no>xxxx</responsible_emp_no>
            <responsible_dept><![CDATA[xxxx]]></responsible_dept>
            <user_dept><![CDATA[xxxx]]></user_dept>
            <user_name><![CDATA[xxx]]></user_name>
            <cur_domain_account>xxxx</cur_domain_account>
            <asset_loc><![CDATA[--]]></asset_loc>
            <asset_loc_cur><![CDATA[]]></asset_loc_cur>
            <asset_type>1</asset_type>
            <asset_use>For Outsourcing Staff/xxxx</asset_use>
            <overdue_date></overdue_date>
            <asset_status>xxxx</asset_status>
            <asset_period>xxxx</asset_period>
            <license></license>
            </data>
             */
            let src = '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'
            let base64 = new util.Base64Helper();
            // base64 decoding
            let src_uint8Array = base64.decodeSync(src);
            // Decode the string into a UTF-8 string.
            let textDecoder = util.TextDecoder.create("utf-8",{ignoreBOM: true})
            let src_str = textDecoder.decodeWithStream(src_uint8Array)
            // Replace the encoding field.
            src_str = src_str.replace("GBK","utf-8")
            console.log('Test src_str: ' + JSON.stringify(src_str));
            //Convert XML format to JSON format.
            let conv = new convertxml.ConvertXML();
            let options = {trim : false, declarationKey:"_declaration",
              instructionKey : "_instruction", attributesKey : "_attributes",
              textKey : "_text", cdataKey:"_cdata", doctypeKey : "_doctype",
              commentKey : "_comment", parentKey : "_parent", typeKey : "_type",
              nameKey : "_name", elementsKey : "_elements"}
            let src_json = JSON.stringify(conv.convertToJSObject(src_str, options));
            console.log('Test json: ' + JSON.stringify(src_json));
          })
      }
      .width('100%')
    }
    .height('100%')
  }
}

What are the restrictions on using generator functions in TypeScript?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

Below are the restrictions on using generator functions in TypeScript:

Expressions can be used only in character strings (in the (\${expression}) format), if conditions, ForEach parameters, and component parameters.
No expressions should cause any application state variables (@State, @Link, and @Prop) to change. Otherwise, undefined and potentially unstable framework behavior may occur.
The generator function cannot contain local variables.

None of the above restrictions apply to anonymous function implementations of event handlers (such as onClick).

How do I set a badge for each of the four corners of an image?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5

Solution

You can use absolute positioning to set the offset of the element anchor relative to the top start point of the parent container. In the layout container, setting this attribute does not affect the layout of the parent container.

Example

@Entry
@Component
struct PositionExample2 {
  build() {
    Column({ space: 20 }) {
      Stack({ alignContent: Alignment.TopStart }) {
        Row()
          .size({ width: '100', height: '100' })
          .backgroundColor(0xdeb887)
        Image($r('app.media.app_icon'))
          .size({ width: 25, height: 25 })
          .markAnchor({ x: 0, y: 0 })
        Image($r('app.media.app_icon'))
          .size({ width: 25, height: 25 })
          .markAnchor({ x: 25, y: 25 })
          .position({ x: '100%', y: '100%' }) 
      }.margin({ top: 25 }).width('100').height('100')
    }
    .width('100%').margin({ top: 25 })
  }
}

How do I use the util.generateRandomUUID parameter?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5

Solution

The bottom layer of generateRandomUUID uses the Node.js crypto.randomUUID() API. If the parameter passed in is false, a new UUID is generated and cached in the system. If the parameter passed in is true, the existing cached UUID is used.

Reference

util.generateRandomUUID

Do the Worker thread and the main thread run in the same global context?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5

Solution

No. The Worker thread and the main thread are not in the same context. They interact with each other in data communication mode.

Reference

@ohos.worker (Worker Startup)

How do I set one application icon for different device types?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Solution

To configure your application icon to show on different device types, use resource qualifiers.

Example

Create a resource directory and add resource files to the directory. In this example, a tablet resource directory is created in src/main/resources and a media resource folder in the tablet directory.

├─base
│  ├─element
│  ├─media
│  └─profile
├─rawfile
├─tablet
│  ├─element
│  └─media

Add the icon file to be displayed when the device type is tablet to the media folder. Reference the icon file on the UI.

@Entry @Component struct Index { build() {
   Flex({ direction: FlexDirection.Column, alignItems: ItemAlign.Center, justifyContent: FlexAlign.Center }) {
     Text($r("app.string.my_string"))
       .fontSize($r("app.float.my_float"))
       .fontColor($r("app.color.my_color"))
     Image($r("app.media.my_image"))
       .width(100)
       .height(100)
   }
   .width('100%')
   .height('100%') } }

How do I prevent “this” in a method from changing to “undefined” when the method is called?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 (API version 9)

Solution

Method 1: Add .bind(this) when calling the method.

Method 2: Use the arrow function.

Is there any difference between the systemTime.getCurrentTime() API of OpenHarmony and the new Date().getTime() API of JS?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 (API version 9)

Solution

systemTime.getCurrentTime(false) is equivalent to new Date().getTime(), returning the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970. systemTime.getCurrentTime(true) returns the number of nanoseconds since January 1, 1970. The system time is used in both APIs.

How do I implement the ArkTS counterpart of the JS slot feature?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 (API version 9)

Solution

Applicable to: OpenHarmony SDK 3.2.5.5, stage model of API version 9

Use @Build and @BuilderParam in ArkTS.

Reference

\@BuilderParam: @Builder Function Reference.

Why is the text not centered vertically when lineHeight is set?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta 5 (API version 9)

Cause

Text in the <Text> component is centered by default. You do not need to set the lineHeight attribute. As the text is drawn from the bottom, an appropriate line height can have the text centered. However, if the line height is too large, the text appears aligned toward the bottom. In general cases, use the lineHeight attribute together with the padding attribute to adjust the line spacing.

Reference

Text

Which API is used for URL encoding?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Solution

Use the global function encodeURI for encoding and decodeURI for decoding. For example, the space character ““is encoded as %20.

let a = encodeURI(" ")
console.log(a) // %20

How do I parse XML files?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Solution

You can use the convert API of the ConvertXML module to parse XML text into JS objects.

Reference

@ohos.convertxml (XML-to-JavaScript Conversion)

What should I do if the .stateStyles doesn’t conform standard error is reported with the use of the @Styles decorator?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Cause

The @Styles decorator is used for non-universal attributes.

Solution

Use the @Styles decorator only for non-universal attributes. Alternatively, use Builder to extract common components.

How do I use \$\$ for the <Radio> component?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Solution

When the <Radio> component uses a variable bound to \$\$, changes to the variable trigger re-render of only the owning component, improving the rendering speed.

When the state of the <Radio> component changes, the bound variable is not automatically updated.

Reference

$ Syntax: Two-Way Synchronization of Built-in Components

What should I do if ForEach does not work on a real device?

Applicable to: OpenHarmony 3.2 Beta5 (API version 9)

Symptom

ForEach works in the previewer, but not on a real device.

Cause

If the system version on the real device is 3.2 beta5 or later, the minimum update policy is enabled by default.

However, minimum update is not enabled in DevEco Studio of an earlier version. As a result, components run abnormally.

Solution

Add the metadata configuration item to the module.json5 file.

{
  "module": {
    "metadata": [
      {
        "name": "ArkTSPartialUpdate",
        "value": "true"
      }
  }
}

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harmony 鸿蒙ArkTS Syntax Usage

ArkTS Syntax Usage

How do I dynamically create components using code in ArkUI?

What is the difference between an @Builder decorated method and a regular method?

How do I define @BuilderParam decorated attributes?

How do I listen for object changes in an array?

How do I transfer values through the parent component to @Link decorated varaibles in a child component?

How does a component synchronize state with its grandchild components?

How is a callback function defined in JS?

How do I maximize performance in cases when a component needs to be updated for multiple times?

How does this of a function in an object point to the outer layer?

How do I obtain data through an API before page loading?

How do I display sensor data in the <Text> component on the UI in real time?

How do I listen for screen rotation events?

What should I do if a singleton does not take effect after the page is changed?

How do I convert a string in time format to a date object?

How do I convert a string to a byte array in ArkTS?

How do I implement string encoding and decoding in ArkTS?

How do I import and export namespaces?

Can relational database operations be performed in the Worker thread?

How do I obtain files in the resource directory of an application?

How do I convert the XML format to the JSON format?

What are the restrictions on using generator functions in TypeScript?

How do I set a badge for each of the four corners of an image?

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